•Common problems in early childhood:
In children up to fifth year of age common problems are difficulties in feeding, sleeping, as well as clinging to the parents (separation anxiety) temper tantrums, oppositional behavior and minor aggression.
Common problems in middle childhood:
Age group: 5-10 years of age. Includes fears, nightmares ,disobedience, minor problems with peers and fighting.
Common problems in Adolescents: Usually occurs in puberty. Between 11 to 13 yrs in girls and 13 to 17 yrs in boys. Moodiness, anxiety, school refusal, difficulties in relationship with peers, disobedience, truancy, fighting, stealing.
•Mood disorders, schizophrenia may occur at this age.
•Psychopathology: 1) Influence of genes
2)Influence of environment
3)Changes in hormones
4) Parents- child interaction
Classification: 1) Learning disorders Reading disorder, arithmetic disorder
2) Motor skills disorders poor co- ordination.
3) Communication disorder- disorders in speech and language
4) Pervasive developmental disorders.
•Hyper kinetic disorders Schizophrenia
Conduct disorders substance abuse
•Eating disorder
•Anxiety disorder
•Mood disorder
•PTSD
•Somatoform disorder
•Functional enuresis
•Gender identity disorder
•Suicide and deliberate self-harm
Mental Retardation/learning disability
Uniformly low performance on all kinds intellectual tasks including learning, short-term memory, the use of concept, and problem-solving. For example , difficulties in language or social interaction
•Mild type- (IQ 50-70) 85% people with learning disability. Appearance normal and slight sensory or motor deficit. Most of the people have more or less normal language abilities and social behavior in pre-school years and learning disability may never be formally identified. They may need help in coping with family responsibilities.
•Moderate type: ( IQ 35-49) 10% of learning disabilities. Many have better receptive than expressive language skills, which is a potent cause of frustration and behavior problems. Daily activities like, dressing, feeding, maintaining hygiene are usually acquired over time but use of money, road sense generally require support.
•Severe retardation: IQ( 20-34) 3-4% of learning disabilities. In pre-school stage they have delayed development. Many of them can be helped to look after themselves under close supervision. Physical disease may present.
•Profound type: IQ( Below 20) 1-2% people of MR. Vulnerable and highly needy group. Always need support and supervision. Physical disease commonly present.
•Schizophrenia Dementia
•Mood disorder Eating disorder
•Suicide Sleep disorder
•Adjustment disorder Forensic problem
•Anxiety disorder- OCD
•Somatoform
•Personality disorder
Causes of MR
•Chromosomal abnormalities
Trisomy 21, fragile X syndrome
Prader-Willi syndrome, Angleman’s syndrome.
•Metabolic Disorders: Phenyl ketonuria, Hartnup disease, Tay-Sach’s disease, galactosaemia etc.
• Brain disease:
Brain malformation: Neural tube defects, Hydrocephalus.
•Antenatal damage: Infections, alcohol intoxication,
•injury, radiation, hypoxia, endocrine disease (hypothyroidism) etc.
•Peri-natal damage: Complications of prematurity, Intraventricular hemorrhage.
•Post-natal damage: Infection
Causes of Psychiatric disorders in MR
•Due to brain pathology/ damage
•Abnormalities of temperament, difficulty in acquiring language and social skills, low self-esteem and educational failure.
•Adjustment problem and behavior problem may develop when they are treated badly or exploited
Treatment of psychiatric disorders
•Medications
•Counseling, family therapy.
কোন মন্তব্য নেই:
একটি মন্তব্য পোস্ট করুন